The Factors Influencing Procurement Route Construction Essay

The Factors Influencing Procurement Route Construction Essay Recent developments in the field of construction have led to a renewed interest in procurement which helps us to induce the technical complexities by organizing and delivering the construction projects using various specialised methods towards the priorities of the client. In addition, it creates perfect relationship between many organizations working on the project regarding their responsibilities and risks. This paper attempts to report the Principal of Heriot Watt University (HWU) about the advanced procurement strategic approach for the new auditorium which is planned to build at the HWU with supremacy. However, it comprises of 200 comfortable tiered seating providing excellent visibility, high specification technology, multimedia theatre with air conditioning, a full size interactive screen and computer driven presentation facilities. 2.1 Assumptions It is required from the initial stage of the project which clearly paves the way for the satisfactory completion of the project. The following assumptions are considered in this report. Capital Cost Cash flow is energetic in the organisations which determine the size of the project which is considered primarily. Likewise, updated cost information was shared by the quantity surveyor to the client who correlates them to the contractor. Recent evidence suggests that during urgency the implication of cost is partially neglected whereas the initial cost and lifecycle cost is always preferred. Time The two main factors governing the time of the project are Design of the project and Methods adapted in the construction site by the contractor. Data from several sources identified that above features are considered accordingly to the clients priority. Quality Quality depends upon the materials used during construction permitting the design specifications. Lifecycle costing is reflected in the quality of the construction work used to reduce the maintenance and replacement cost leading to the better economics overall in the future. The principle of procurement is the eternal triangle which favours the client towards high quality, lowest cost and short time period. All the three factors are mutually concerned in a project if one is given high preference then the other two will suffer. Performance It mainly relies upon the designer who prepares the plan and structural designs for the project, essential for aesthetic appeal and eco-friendly. The choice of materials and the constructors plays the key role in performance and also for the future maintenance and refurbishments. Risk Factors The common risks faced during the construction projects are ground conditions, artificial obstructions and defectiveness in workmanship, material tests and samples, weather. In addition, delay and disputes from both the parties, unapproved payments and the discrepancies from the Government policies and Law arbitration. Planning à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Early acquisition planning is done to select the procurement route. Environment à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Sustainable environment is attained through planning Flexibility à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Changes can be done in the on-going project or in future 3.1 Procurement Strategy In general procurement is defined as the obtaining of goods and services[1] which in construction field refers to the construction materials, plant and services in order to design, schedule, manage, organize, execute and commission the project until delivering to the client. A variety of method have been developed and introduced to assess building through procurement which is obtained by group of multiple organizations experience and expertise. The procurement strategy describes the contribution that the effective procurement will make to the fulfilment of the organizations vision and strategic objectives [a]. Secondly, procurement strategy identifies the main objectives, constraints, funding, and risk and asset ownership of the project which later enhances to achieve the target of the client. Besides, it promotes high standards of professionalism and high quality of management information. Furthermore, reduction in cost is attained through aggregated purchasing power and minimizes the exposure through effective risk management. 3.2 Necessity for Procurement To achieve the value for money To coordinate smoothly with the organizations and to supply focus on chain management To obtain sustainability by making value for money decisions over the life of the asset and not solely on capital costs [b]. To 3.3 Procurement Routes The procurement routes are accomplished with great involvement and knowledge of the individuals and organizations who worked in the industries for years in distinct disciplines. Procurement route is defined as the systems and procedures for commissioning the work. This route is concerned mainly for the strategic approach of the project which simplifies the construction execution by coordinating with the specialist teams of the project. 3.4 Factors influencing Procurement Route Central to the entire discipline of the procurement is the concept of assessment about the ability of the economic operators of the project to satisfy the requisite of the client. The key aspects of this route are employers requirements, tender period/contractors proposals, selecting the specialised contractor and construction. Into the bargain, the following factors are also taken care in this method such as cost certainty, cost reduction, contract period, quality and standards, constructability and litigation. As well as this route is concerned it depends upon the cost and time of the project at the expense of quality which is well suited for perfect carriage of the project. Next, the factors which encourages this route are listed below [3] User familiarity with design and build procurement arrangements Preference of a client or consultant The desire for the single point responsibility for the client Greater certainty of outcomes, initially and in the longer term Despite the fact, follows the present guaranteed maximum price (GMP) which is prepared at the time of agreement and if the contractor finishes the work below GMP then remaining amount will be shared between the client and contractor in most case. Situations Where Design Build Arrangement Used Widely In the case of simple and standard forms of construction are required. Example: Warehouses Where the building needs only minimum architectural works. Example: Farm buildings Where proprietary system is used in buildings as it reduces the design and approval time. Example: Buildings with Automations (such as automatic doors) Where the projects requires local contractor specialists. Example: Specialised in Flooring and Masonry To execute Fast-track projects Example: Hospitals In projects where cost certainty is most preferred. Example: Housing Units 3.5 Types of Procurement Route There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of procurement route obligatory for producing the required project outcomes and have a profound effect towards finishing point. In general there are many procurement routes available which are listed as follows: Traditional / Conventional Design and Build / Package deal arrangement Construction Management Management Contracting Two stage tender Turnkey Public Private Partnership Framework Agreement PFI/PPP Even though there are many routes available, traditional, design build, construction management and management contracting are the major methods used generally. On the other hand, according to my opinion for this auditorium project we can adopt Design and Build route or Traditional route. 3.5.1 Traditional Procurement Route This is the standard method which is in practice for the past 150 years in the construction industry. In this route the client appoints the contractor, architect and consultants to guide the project from the initial stage to pursue perfection in planning and design. Furthermore, the client owns the whole responsibility of the design and project team. Here the contractor involved in the tendering documentation and negotiation processes of the proposed project. The valuation and payment in the administrative department is authorised by clients consultants. To put in a nut shell this method benefits the client in cost and quality with some expense of time. Nevertheless, can be used in a number of situations on the basis of pricing results in a lump sum contract, a measurement contract or a cost plus contract and whether the project is a single one project or a part of a program under single specific term[c]. Secondly, for instance with reference to the proposed auditorium project the three organisers consultants, architect and contractor are employed initially and the project thoroughly managed by the client from the preliminary works. 3.5.2 Construction Management Route 3.5.3 Design and Build Procurement Route The Design Build method is one of the more practical ways of client friendly approach used worldwide to take particularly when the buildings to be produced are either very specialised, and the contractor is an expert in that speciality or when they are generic[d]. Initially, the concept aimed to reduce the conflicts that exist between the architect and the contractor which resulting in poor reputation for the construction project and gave great assurance the timely completion of work at lower cost. However, the client needs to consider the trio of design, cost and quality of the project in advance before employing the contractor. Besides, the desires of the employer (client) is clearly proposed to the contractor to make him/her fully involved in the project including both design and accomplishment which encourages least involvement of the client. The nature of this procurement route is minimizing the design deviations from the original design which aids in cost and time saving for t he employer. Moreover, one major issue in early procurement research is concerned is the quality which is rapidly growing because this method is popularly expanding towards profitability. To gain more projects and profits the design build contractual firms are focusing deeply on the quality in addition to time and cost which is a positive result in favour of this method. The client gets the total financial commitment in advance before the work is initiated and then the contractor shields the complexity of the client in the construction. At first this method is characterised by the tender documents which is developed according to the clients requirements which is published to welcome the different proposals from the potential contractors with numerous quotes of project rates. The potential contractor who wins the tender, meeting the clients priorities will be employed by the client to develop design and complete the design proposals. Here, the contractor performs solely under the client towards t he start of the project by having his own design team and construction team. On the contrary, the contractor is wholly responsible for the design, construction planning, organization and control of the project and also he has the upper hand to engage subcontractors and the specialist sub-contractors for the project. In some case, the client may/may not seek consultant to guide and supervise the contractors work in the project. . Implementation of the Design Build Procurement route As far as the auditorium in the HWU is alarmed the major thing to be considered was the time and cost of the project. If the proposal is given by the contractor it should be performed within the certain time limit such as the project must be finished in between the summer holidays because the students shouldnt grieve from the construction activities. Moreover, the proposed project should not exceed the financial budget of the university. Therefore, design build procurement method is highly recommended for this project which augments the successful completion of the project. However, if the university requires a consultant they can seek help from the Built Environment faculties to oversee the project which saves the consultant cost for the university. Benefits of this route There are several benefits why this route is adopted for this project which are responsible for successful completion of the project on time and for perfect delivery. It follows the two phase selection process that narrows the field of the final proposers to those that are most highly qualified based on experience, capability and capacity[e]. The intricacy in the technical aspects is fully eliminated because the contractor (single authority) is answerable for all the issues faced in the design and building of the project. The work moves forward speedily as there is no need for tendering again for the buildings. Because this method the contractor can reassure the client regarding the financial help needed for the project, how to receive the funding from the lenders as he is aware and well experienced in the field There is no need that a client should be an experienced individual in the construction field as contractor hold the whole obligation. As the contractor is involved from the very beginning he can produce specialised construction knowledge and methods. There is a direct link between the client and the contract as there is an agreement signed before the start of the project. The time consumption is less in this route, as the traditional methods are eliminated in this process. As cost certainty is major concern for this route which benefits the client both economically and technically. There is a possibility of dropping pre tendering and initial tendering costs. The functional building at the reasonable cost can be achieved. As the contractor is in charge for all sub-contractor appointments the client can escape and escape from those burden. Also there are no claims for the contractor if he/she fails to meet the clients needs and has a delayed in time for completion. Following this method maximum risk is transferred, although commercial response in design in order to address contract conditions can result[d]. Many argue that this route agonises from lack of architectural merits, but the fact is it clearly benefits the client by disregarding the risks which arises from those designs. Criticism Faced in this Route Although this method has a huge number of benefits it also suffers from some common drawback such as, Since this route is using simplified construction formats and activities there might be reduction in design quality. Neglecting the innovative design is highly followed in this method which results in the discouragement of architects innovations. The contractors view is always on the capabilities of the firm instead of the requirements of the client. The aesthetic appearance of the project is surrendered towards the cost effective solutions and easy work executions. The long term life and maintenance of the building is not considered by the contractor because low cost budget. The influence of contractor over the quantity surveyor leads to some controversial happenings/activities at the time of payment approval. Bibliography Dunican Cartlidge (2009). Quantity Surveyors Pocket Book. Great Britain: Elsevier Ltd. 197. Allan Ashworth (2006). CONTRACTURAL PROCEDURES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited. 77.

A manager and a leader Essay

The difference between a manager and a leader is that the former ensures control and rationality, her/his focus is on day to day problem solving, best means in achieving results for staff to continue to contribute to the organisation (Zaleznik,1992) . While a leader uses power to influence actions and people, focusing more on outcomes and impact, where this action has inherited risks such as the risk of losing self- control in the need for power (Zaleznik,1992). While leaders and managers have common traits such as sound communication skills, work ethics, integrity, key technical competencies, etc, yet there are some differences. These differences can be summarised as follows: Risk taking: Manager are regulators of affairs in an organisation, getting rewards from collective achievements . Therefore, to be a good manager, it requires persistence, patience, intelligence, analytical skills, and goodwill. Leaders think out of a box and work with high risk initiatives. While managers, unlike leaders, tend to solve problems in a more conservative way and tend to tolerate mundane and practical work (Zaeznik,1992). Leaders on the other hand are risk takers. Relationships: Manager work with people to implement initiatives, solve problems, by focusing staff on policies and procedures and not on content (Zaleznik,1992). They are engrossed in how to make decisions, but not what are the rights decisions to make. While leaders attract strong feelings of identity and difference. Their human relationship might seem turbulent, intensifying motivation and often resulting in unanticipated results (Zaleznik, 1992). Sense of self-worth: managers’ sense of self-worth is secured by ensuring and strengthening existing institutions. While leaders feel separate from their institutions, their perception of identity is different (Zaleznik, 1992). They may work in an organisation and never have a sense of belonging, always seeking opportunities for change. Vision versus objectives and goals: Managers take the short view, focus on objectives, targets, implementation and monitoring and evaluation while leaders take the long view, focusing more on a clear vision, a clear sense of purpose, and a passion to pursue that vision while aligning the organisation its vision (Allio, 2012). Manager Leader Ensures control and follows day to day work implementation of an action plan (day to day work) Sets a vision A problem solver Uses power to lead and influence action Not a risk taker Willing to take risks (balance between change and stability) Follows rules and regulations High levels of creativity, always thinks out of a box Implementer Leads, inspires and motivates Strong sense of belonging to organisation May and may not have a sense of belonging to organisation Works in a comfort zone Always embracing change management, seeking new opportunities. In health care, the Minister of Health in the State of Palestine is a leader, while the director generals, directors of various departments are managers. The former is the person who sets out the vision for the ministry, partnering with other stakeholders (UN organisations, private sector, and others) for instance in advancing the public health sector. This resulted in a reduction in infant and under five child mortality rates over the past five years. While director generals and directors are consumed with implementing the inputs needed to achieve the overall vision set out by the Minister. Thank you. References: Allio, R.J., (2012), ‘Leaders and leadership – many theories, but what advice is reliable?.’ Strategy and Leadership. [Online], 41, (1), pp. 4-14. Available online from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/10878571311290016 (Accessed on: 19 January 2015). Zaleznik, A., (1992), Managers and leaders: Are they different?’ Harvard Business Review. [Online], 70 (2), pp 126-135. Available from: http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=ef29e84c-a001-4d56-9f66-b5f4a202c402%40sessionmgr4001&hid=4202 (Accessed

An Analysis of Adultery in the Scarlet Letter by Hester Prynne - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1233 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Scarlet Letter Essay Did you like this example? It is debated amongst readers of Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter whether Hester Prynne, an adulterer in Puritan society, should be considered to be a true American heroine. This debate originates from the argument that although Hester exhibits many noble qualities such as her generosity within her community, she committed a sin that would effectively change her character, and the way the townspeople would see her. In order to truly determine if Hester Prynne is a true heroine, the meaning of what a heroine must be defined. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Analysis of Adultery in the Scarlet Letter by Hester Prynne" essay for you Create order The Merriam-Webster Dictionary describes a heroine as a woman admired or idealized for her courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. Throughout her lifetime depicted in the novel, Hester displays all of these qualities and thusly, proves herself to be a heroine. Hester Prynnes continuous ability to exhibit courage, and still maintain her high standards for her craftsmanship and generosity despite being unfairly subjected to the harsh criticism of the Puritan society effectively presents her as a heroine while displaying Hawthornes overarching message that a true American heroine may not be perfect, but nevertheless retains their core personality traits when faced with adversity. Knowing the criteria of what classifies someone as a heroine, Hesters actions throughout her lifetime can be examined beginning with her courage which she displays at her trial in the marketplace. From the first instance that Hester is introduced in the novel, she is being released from the prison in order to stand trial for her crime while a group of women stand aside to watch her with disdain. While this is happening, Hester refuses to take the guards hand and repelled him, with natural dignity and force of character, and stepped into the open air, as if by her own free-will(Hawthorne 50). In this moment, Hester displays her courage by not allowing the guard to escort her to her trial, and her individualism by choosing to arrive by her own free will rather than allowing society to determine her actions. Although Hester may have initially been worried about what the townspeople would think of her as she exited the prison, Hester quickly regains her bravery and independence by proudl y exposing her beautifully crafted scarlet letter A fastened on her chest, not allowing societys judgement to make her feel ashamed. Hester also displays an immense amount of courage at her trial when she chooses not to give out the name of her fellow adulterer and instead, accepts her punishment on her own. Another display of Hesters courage and independence is seen at her trial when she refuses to give up the name of her childs father when the towns leaders, Reverend Wilson and Reverend Dimmesdale, demand that she announce her fellow sinner. Hester chooses to not reveal the father despite being promised that if she speak out the name of her fellow sinner, the council may avail to take the scarlet letter of [her] breast(Hawthorne 64). Here is another display of Hesters courage because rather than exposing Dimmesdale as Pearls father and destroying her career and reputation, Hester instead remains silent and consequently suffers a harsher punishment. Hesters defiance which was perceived as another glimpse of her unholy soul, actually represents her selflessness and courage. By refusing to confess who Pearls father is, she accepts a harsher punishment for herself rather than being split amongst herself and Dimmesdale while simultaneously demonstrating her refusal to let society and its le aders to dictate what she says or does. Ultimately, Hester not only proves that she is courageous by taking full responsibility for her crime with pride while not allowing herself to seek shelter from the townspeoples judgement whether it be by getting escorted by the guard to her trial or by refusing to expose Dimmesdale as another sinner, but also maintains her individuality, not allowing society or its leaders to determine who Hester is what she does. Hester additionally meets the criteria that define a Heroine which include having outstanding achievements and noble qualities through her impressive sewing abilities and charitable acts that she regularly does. After being outcasted from Puritan society, Hester becomes a seamstress in order to provide for Pearl and herself because of her special gift of sewing which is exhibited through her scarlet letter. Although the people of the town did not approve of Hester and still looked at her with dismay, they could not resist the elegantly crafted works from Hester, with being seen anywhere from on the ruff of the Governor, to in the coffins of the dead(Hawthorne 74). Hesters work has become a symbol of power in the town and can be seen anywhere because though the people may not like Hester, her work was so incredible that they still felt the need to purchase items from her giving Hester a stable way to earn an income. Because of how unique and well produced her items were, Hesters work s became the new standard of fashion in the town. In addition to Hester creating beautiful garments for the rich and powerful in Puritan society, in her free time, would remain sewing in order to donate clothing to those in poverty. Although Hesters donations were not appreciated by the recipients seen by their insults towards Hester, she still continue to put all her superfluous means in charity, on wretches less miserable than herself(Hawthorne 74). Even though Hesters initial intentions may have been to find companionship or sympathy amongst those less fortunate than herself, she continued to provide clothing to the poor despite herself being in a state of misery. This shows Hesters true personality as she in no way benefits from her charity work and even is insulted by those she donates to but still persists in providing them with her hand crafted garments. Much like when Hester chose not to reveal Dimmesdale her companion in adultery, Hester proves her selflessness by demonstrating how she puts the needs of others above her own . Hesters ability to create such exquisite creations with her needle that even those who scold her behavior desire her works such as the governor, and her contributions to charity even though she gets mocked for it, clearly prove her as qualifying for having the outstanding achievements and noble qualities parts of a heroine. Ultimately, Hester Prynne according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary fits the description of a heroine. This is because she displays her courage by proudly facing her judgement by herself from the Puritans, has outstanding achievements in the form of her highly sought after garments, and demonstrates her noble qualities through her charity work. Not only did Hester show her heroine qualities, but she also did it while receiving absolutely no recognition for her good deeds, and being constantly insulted by the rest of the Puritans in her town. Hesters ability to maintain these traits while facing adversity from nearly everyone around her adds to her already impressive character and morals. Hesters story additionally serves to display Hawthornes message that not all heroines are saints, but instead are people like Hester that are able to admit to their faults and grow from them. By not allowing societys opinion of Hester change her key morals along with her courage, achievements, and noble qualities, Hawthorne displays that what separates a heroine from a true American heroine is that an American heroine faces much adversity throughout their lifetime but is able to overcome it because of their strong and independent nature.

The Theory Of Economic Growth - 6096 Words

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Abstract The theory of economic growth sparked a revolution that has touched most societies across the globe. (Need to finish the abstract) 2.0 Introduction The aim of this original piece of research is to contribute to the overall understanding of how financial development effects different sources of economic growth alongside the effectiveness of fiscal policy. In highlighting this research direction, a strong literature review is needed to indicate if any gaps exist. As the topic is well researched and broad, it is important to streamline this research into a specific yet important fields to identify these gaps. This literature review will therefore investigate into the following key areas: the history of economic growth, modern growth theories: exogenous and endogenous, financial development growth and the effectiveness of fiscal policy towards reducing economic uncertainty that ultimately affects growth. 2.1 The History of Economic Growth A considerable amount of theoretical and empirical literature emerged during the nineteenth-century surrounding the theory of economic growth. If one is to complete detailed research into how financial development affects different sources of economic growth alongside the effectiveness of fiscal policy, a meaningful and well-structured literature review must be presented. Due to the complicated nature of such a theory, a historical frame work will be adopted to dilute its complicated nature. 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